Low Cost Electrochemical PGE Platform for Sensitive Determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II)

Low-cost electrochemical platform for sensitive Pb(II) and Cd(II) detection in aqueous solution were fabricated using pencil graphite leads. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) impedance spectroscopy (EIS) applied to characterization of the Pencil Graphite Electrode (PGE). Average electroactive surface was determined as 2.58 times its geometrical area. Parameters lead cadmium ions optimized Anodic Stripping Square Wave Voltammetry (ASSWV) 0.1 M HCl (E dep = -1 V, t 60 s). Electroanalysis results exhibited linear increment signals with an increase concentration two different ranges. Based on calibration curve, limits (LOD 3σ m ) 0.946 mg L 1.107 respectively. This constitutes effective low-cost approach (0.20 USD per unit) that may be useful industry, academia, or regulatory agencies.